نشریه مطالعات قدرت نرم
پیاپی 33 (تابستان 1402)

In the confrontation between Iran and the US, preventing the development of Iran's military, political and economic power is one of the important challenges of American foreign policy. One of the controversial topics of this confrontation is the deterrence of Iran's missile power against the US; what capabilities does missile power have for Iran's security and national interests in the international arena? Therefore, in the framework of the theory of realism and emphasizing the concept of “soft power” by Joseph Nye and using the qualitative analysis of documents and texts, i.e. documentary method, this article tries to answer the questions why Iran has chosen missile power in order to increase its soft power and make deterrence and does missile power have the ability to strengthen Iran's soft power and create deterrence against the United States of America? The findings of studying the actual examples of the confrontation between Iran and the United States show that despite the superiority of the United States in terms of military, Iran has been able to create an asymmetric balance against it by the expansion of its missile power, which has led to increasing deterrence and international bargaining as two components of soft power.

Soft power involves shaping the preferences of others through attraction and attraction. Universities, in the international scene, are important components in attracting and creating the power of software. Scientific student associations are important institutions with their help, scientific boosters among students and support of research cores are formed. But some associations have not been very successful in this way. This research has been done with the aim of finding complications in the activity of scientific associations in universities, identifying and eliminating the root causes. In this research, as a case study, to identify the challenges of scientific associations and their root causes, an intellectual writing session was held based on the root conflict analysis method, with the presence of a team of six experts from University of Gonabad. After prioritizing the root causes using the IPA-FGAHP method and analyzing the improvement scenarios in the balance-ability gap matrix, priority root causes were identified and solutions were proposed to solve them using the TRIZ approach. Among the most important root causes, we can He mentioned the defects in the bylaws of the associations, voting without sufficient recognition, lack of attention and guidance of the department and university officials. Solutions to reduce the damage of root causes were suggested; As an example, we can refer to the review of the bylaws of the associations, changing the nature of the existing spaces to the association room. Finally, the university can use low-cost outsourcing to perform some activities related to programs.

Soft power is one of the most important components that is necessary for the survival of any political system in the current global situation. In this regard, the current research was conducted with the aim of knowing and understanding the most important soft power functions in power projection; So that many researchers can benefit from this research. The main research question is "what are the functions of soft power in power projection?".The type of this research is developmental-applied and the information of this research was collected using the library method and the study of reliable Persian and English sources. In order to validate the findings, a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among 40 experts familiar with political and security issues as a statistical sample. The data collected from the answers of the experts were also analyzed using SPSS software.Research findings show that soft power has decisive functions in power projection. Soft power can cause trend generation and by using "trend power" you can have soft power. Soft power is capacity-building and ability-building and plays a significant role in the promotion of power projection. Soft power is capable of repairing and rebuilding the environment and the national image of the country in the minds of various nations and governments. Soft power is one of the two wings of countries in achieving their goals and securing national interests and security.

Organizations are growing and evolving in a dynamic world full of interaction, which makes interactive approaches necessary in the discussion of the growth and development of organizations, in fact, the existence of organizational governance in government organizations is very vital and It can be effective in improving their performance in the implementation of policies and policies. In this context, one of the topics that has expanded its presence from biological topics to organizational topics in the last three decades and has been able to enjoy a suitable position in the field of management and organization studies is the topic of twin evolution or co-evolution. Therefore, the current research has investigated the organizational governance based on the twin evolution approach using a descriptive-analytical method, and the results of the studies showed that good organizational governance is the result of the interaction of all levels of an organization. Therefore, in government organizations, the interaction of all levels of the organization causes the optimal organizational governance to improve the quality of governance as much as possible. The main assumption is also the coordination between the various components and elements of the organization with itself and with the strategy of the whole organization; So that if this coordination is fully realized, success and performance improvement (increased growth in performance indicators) will occur in the organization.

Soft power is one of the most important issues of the recent decades that has brought about a tremendous transformation in the field of power and the components and elements of power and the application of power. By analyzing and pondering the roots of this issue, we can easily understand the connection between this power and the social and cultural components in the society. One of these components is social capital, which can play a valuable role in creating soft power against the soft tactics of the enemy, especially America. The purpose of this research is to measure the position of social capital in reproducing the media soft power of J.A. Radio and Television in the field of national integration during the crisis of the Corona epidemic. In this research, relying on the combined exploratory research plan, firstly, the components and elements of the category of media soft power reproduction of public sectors (Sada and Sima J.A.A.) in the field of increasing social capital during the Corona epidemic through interviews with experts. 10 people) were identified and then asked to state the main determinants of soft power reproduction. Based on the foundation's data strategy, the text of the interviews was reviewed several times and many concepts were identified as determining the reproduction of soft power, which in several back-and-forth processes, these concepts were divided into four categories: "institutional factors", "policy-making capabilities", "Policy infrastructures" and "participatory environmental interactions" were categorized.

In the new century, if a country relies only on maintaining its military and economic power, which is called hard power, and fails to strengthen the third dimension of power, i.e. cultural attractions, values and institutions, in competition with other actors with many threats outside its borders Joseph Nye emphasizes that the United States of America has gradually lost the legitimacy of its soft power in some areas in the last years of the 20th century. It has created the ground for the reduction of the soft power of the United States, hence the soft power of the United States is eroding compared to the past. Research findings show that America's soft power is declining compared to other emerging players. Using the descriptive-analytical method and Joseph Nye's soft power theoretical framework, this article seeks to answer the question of what are the factors influencing the decline of American soft power in the international system. Social issues that have taken place in recent years, such as the reduction of military power, the reduction of influence in international institutions, the dissatisfaction of public opinion with unilateralism, the formation of emerging powers, the reduction of the credibility of lifestyles, the weakening of media freedoms, the soft power of America in the long run, it shows a great depression and erosion. In practice, the possible return of America's soft power to its previous position and the ability to maintain the credibility and legitimacy of the past does not seem likely in the short term.

This article studies the hybrid strategy of Major Commander Qasem Soliemani in using “field” and “diplomacy” as an elemnt of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s soft power to conduct Iran’s regional policy in a competent approach. The authors’ main question is that how such a hybrid strategy in the context of “balance of terror” deterrence and by using soft and hard power instruments has been able to tackle the security threats and creating political opportunity to preserve Iran’s national interests. The authors argue that by using the elements of ally forces (soft power), implementing an active role in post-conflict situation in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen (political power), and suppressing Takfiri terrorist forces such as Al Qaeda and Daesh in the Levant area (security-military power), Commander Soliemani was able to enhance the weight of Iran’s regional power, thereby Iran’s diplomatic bargaining role in handling strategic foreign policy issues such as nuclear deal with world powers. For examining this hypotheses the authors apply historical-analytical research method and “balance of terror” deterrence theory. The author conclude that this hybrid strategy of Commander Soliemani, combined with soft and hard power, has entered Iran into a great geopolitical game and competently increased Iran’s regional role, adding to its strategic value before great powers. The resumption of political relation between Iran and Saudi Arabia and Arab countries of the region could also be perceived in this context.

The concept of soft power was developed at the end of the Cold War to examine international influence through non-coercive means. In recent years, a growing field of research has been conducted on this concept to investigate the role of religion and culture in the foreign policy of Middle Eastern countries. Existing research tends to focus on soft power from the perspective of Iran and China, which project such an influence. Since Iran and China, as two important countries and two influential players at the regional and international levels, have a significant history in the development of bilateral relations over the past few decades. In examining the current situation, the relations between the two countries can be evaluated at a favorable level in the political, economic, military and strategic fields. The countries that have the economic potential to help this process for China are in the priority of attention of the politicians of this country. In this regard, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a country with rich oil and gas reserves, can be an estimate of China's needs. From. On the other hand, in the field of the international system, both the countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and China have not accepted the order desired by the United States and are trying to change this order. In this framework, these two countries can complement each other and expand their areas of cooperation.

The aim of this study is to explore how non-state actors utilize soft power and influence in the international arena and to understand their motivations and strategies for cooperating with nation states. Additionally, it seeks to analyze the impact of this collaboration on global governance and diplomacy. The study adopts a qualitative research design and employs a conceptual framework that incorporates various theoretical perspectives such as cultural diplomacy, transnational advocacy networks, economic influence, digital communication, and non-governmental organizations. Data collection for this research involves a comprehensive review of relevant literature and case studies. The findings reveal that non-state actors employ diverse methods to exert their soft power and influence. Their motivations for cooperating with nation states encompass shared goals and interests, expertise and resources, soft power and public support and mobilization. Conflict between non-state actors and national governments arises due to disparate interests and objectives, challenges to state sovereignty, power asymmetry, competition for influence, disputes over resources and access, and disparities in power and influence. Nation states respond to non-state actors' soft power initiatives through cooperation, cultural exchange and some other policy and strategy. Cooperation between non-state actors and nation states contributes to the strengthening of global governance, and the introduction of new complexities into the international system. These findings deepen our understanding of the dynamics between non-state actors and nation states in the international arena and shed light on its implications for global governance and diplomacy.

According to the order of the Supreme Leader, strengthening the construction of soft power and reforming the lifestyle are both examples of Jihad. Jihad and reforming the lifestyle strengthens the building of national power and causes the formation of the text of Islamic civilization and strengthens the internal structure of the country, and the building of the internal authority of the nation must first of all be done with true and firm faith, the unity of the people and the correct actions of the country's officials and the cooperation of the officials. be with the people; Therefore, according to His Holiness's emphasis on changing and reforming the lifestyle, its individual aspect has been examined. In the following, referring to the statements of Imam Khamenei, high-level documents and the opinions of thinkers in various fields, a conceptual framework was explained and 8 components and 37 indicators were calculated. A sample of experts was examined through the community, and finally, information was collected by distributing a questionnaire to the statistical population of 35 people, and further, by using mixed research with descriptive and inferential methods, analysis was done, and through the method of mean averages. and Friedman's ranking of the importance and weight of statistical factors and it was determined that the components of "individual discipline", "religious faith and knowledge", "worship", "religious insight", "provincialism", "courage and courage", "intelligence" and creativity", "physical fitness" had a great role in promoting soft power and the strength of the internal structure of power.